His Holiness also stated that he hoped that Tibet, comprising of the three traditional provinces of U-Tsang, Amdo and Kham, would be federal and democratic. In May 1990, the reforms called for by His Holiness saw the realisation of a truly democratic administration in exile for the Tibetan community. On that day His Holiness would transfer all his historical and political authority to the Interim President and live as an ordinary citizen.
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He announced that when Tibet becomes free the immediate task would be to set up an interim government whose first responsibility will be to elect a constitutional assembly to frame and adopt Tibet’s democratic constitution. In 1992 His Holiness issued guidelines for the constitution of a future, free Tibet. It also provides detailed guidelines on the functioning of the Tibetan government with respect to those living in exile. The charter enshrines freedom of speech, belief, assembly and movement. The new democratic constitution promulgated as a result of this reform was named “The Charter of Tibetans in Exile”. In 1963 His Holiness presented a draft democratic constitution for Tibet that was followed by a number of reforms to democratise our administrative set-up. The General Assembly adopted three resolutions on Tibet in 1959, 19. Since then he has been living in Dharamsala, northern India, the seat of the Tibetan political administration in exile. Since the Chinese invasion, His Holiness has appealed to the United Nations on the question of Tibet. But finally, in 1959, with the brutal suppression of the Tibetan national uprising in Lhasa by Chinese troops, His Holiness was forced to escape into exile. In 1954, he went to Beijing for peace talks with Mao Zedong and other Chinese leaders, including Deng Xiaoping and Chou Enlai.
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In 1950 His Holiness was called upon to assume full political power after China’s invasion of Tibet in 1949. He passed with honours and was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree, the highest-level degree equivalent to a doctorate of Buddhist philosophy. At 23 he sat for his final examination in the Jokhang Temple, Lhasa, during the annual Monlam (prayer) Festival in 1959.
The five minor subjects were poetry, music and drama, astrology, motre and phrasing, and synonyms. The major subjects were logic, Tibetan art and culture, Sanskrit, medicine, and Buddhist philosophy which was further divided into a further five categories: Prajnaparimita, the perfection of wisdom Madhyamika, the philosophy of the middle Way Vinaya, the canon of monastic discipline Abidharma, metaphysics and Pramana, logic and epistemology. The curriculum consisted of five major and five minor subjects. His Holiness began his monastic education at the age of six. Bodhisattvas are enlightened beings who have postponed their own nirvana and chosen to take rebirth in order to serve humanity. The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations of Avalokiteshvara or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion and patron saint of Tibet. At the age of two the child, who was named Lhamo Dhondup at that time was recognized as the reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso. He was born on 6 July 1935, to a farming family, in a small hamlet located in Taktser, Amdo, northeastern Tibet. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, is the spiritual leader of Tibet.
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